India’s energy landscape is a complex and evolving mix of fossil fuels, renewable sources, and ambitious future plans. Despite being the world’s third-largest energy consumer, India still grapples with energy access challenges in rural regions, rising demand from urbanization, and a heavy reliance on imports—especially for oil and gas. Although India has modest reserves of crude oil and natural gas, it possesses vast coal reserves, which continue to dominate the power generation sector. In recent years, the country has significantly expanded its renewable energy portfolio. It is among the top five countries globally in solar and wind capacity, with large-scale solar parks, wind farms, and hybrid projects transforming the electricity sector. The government aims to install 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030. Hydroelectricity, nuclear energy, and bioenergy also play supporting roles in achieving energy diversification. India is actively exploring green hydrogen, advanced battery storage, and smart grid technologies to reduce emissions and increase resilience. The energy transition includes decarbonizing industries, electrifying transport, and modernizing agriculture, supported by flagship initiatives like FAME-II, UJALA, Saubhagya, and National Hydrogen Mission. Despite progress, challenges remain: outdated grid infrastructure, financing gaps, coal dependence, land acquisition hurdles, and an urgent need for domestic manufacturing in clean energy. Regional disparities in energy access and supply further complicate national policy implementation. Nevertheless, India has emerged as a global climate leader by founding the International Solar Alliance and advocating for equitable transitions. With strategic planning, policy support, and global collaboration, India aims to become energy independent by 2047 and achieve net-zero emissions by 2070—positioning itself as a model for sustainable development in the Global South.