Petrol, or gasoline, is made from crude oil through a process called fractional distillation, where crude oil is heated in a distillation column to separate its components based on boiling points. This produces fractions like gasoline, diesel, and kerosene. The gasoline fraction undergoes additional refining, including cracking, reforming, and blending, to meet quality standards. Crude oil also yields materials like plastics, lubricants, and chemicals for industrial use.